In VS 2017 Community "LoadingPhase": "PostEngineInit" also works. I just changed one of my Plugin Modules from "LoadingPhase": "PostConfigInit" to that. According to the Debug Output its symbols were successfully loaded. Unfortunately I don’t have VS 2019 or 2022 installed currently so I cannot test those right now. What configuration are you using? I tested with Debug Editor.
Have you tried changing any of these VS settings yet? Symbol / PDB files in the Visual Studio debugger | Microsoft Docs