Update!
We received an email imposing a one-month suspension of our publishing and monetization access. The stated reason is the same: our project has received numerous false positives due to these moderation errors, followed by the project’s ban (Rule 1.1).
Although the decision was reviewed by humans, it is still based on incorrect facts! We are awaiting a response from Epic @Flak regarding our case and those of everyone reporting the same issues, as we are not alone.
I have emailed support to appeal the suspension and will share their response here.
Thank you for your help.