Apparently this was caused by Frame Pixel Buffer Format set to Float RGBA instead of the default 10bit RGB, 2bit Alpha.
I had changed it to Float RGBA to try and get rid of stuttering (unsuccessfully), and since it didn’t affect anything else visually, I didn’t bother to change it back.
With Frame Pixel Buffer Format set to default 10bit RGB, 2bit Alpha, widgets have their full color in the packaged version.