First of all a stupid question: The file does really not exist, does it?
Can you look into the log files, whether the cl.exe file from the VS14 package was installed somewhere? The logs should be in your user folder under AppData/Local/Temp (AppData is hidden by default). The log file is named with the date and a serial number, so I can’t tell you the exact name, but it should be something like /dd_setup_20170319072531_255_Microsoft.VisualCpp.Tools.HostX86.TargetX86.log.
Interestingly enough, the installation paths mentioned in this file do not seem to contain all the locations where the corresponding files are found on my machine. My log file claims that the cl.exe file was installed into C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2017\Community\VC\Tools\MSVC\14.10.25017\bin\Hostx86\x86\cl.exe (which is true) but they contain no entries for the path mentioned in your error message except for definitions:
./dd_vs_community_20170319071104.log:[0550:0AE8][2017-03-19T07:23:30]i410: Variable: CustomInstallPath = C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio 14.0\
./dd_vs_community_20170319071104.log:[0550:0AE8][2017-03-19T07:23:30]i410: Variable: DevEnvAppIdKeyPath = C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio 14.0\Common7\IDE\devenv.exe
./dd_vs_community_20170319071104.log:[0550:0AE8][2017-03-19T07:23:30]i410: Variable: VSComponentPathVariable = C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio 14.0\
However the files are definitely in the directory that CustomInstallPath mentions, so I guess the installer copies stuff around at a later stage. Unfortunately there is nothing logged that confirms this. But perhaps your log might give some hints about what has gone wrong. Or maybe you could try copying the folders mentioned in these paths by hand.