How to Select What Effect a Collision Has

Hello! I am a little stuck. Imagine an airplane game where you can shoot, get shot, or collect a power-up. If your airplane gets shot (enemy projectile collides with your airplane’s collision sphere), your airplane should take damage. But, if your airplane’s collision sphere collides with a power-up, your airplane should repair damage, receive a speed boost, damage boost, or etc…

What is the best system for this sort of thing? I have thought of a couple solutions, but they either seem inefficient or would require a revamp of all my objects. Is there a way to make a super class of all my game’s entities and then override the “effect function”?