Had dived into this issue earlier and it might caused by something complicated related to metal shader from Fast Math (although I might be totally wrong here). Long story short - if anyone is looking for ARKit in UE, the current best practice would be stay with 4.21 / 4.22 and Xcode 10.x until further updates from issue tracker.
4.23 / 4.24 is not totally unusable though and the final result oddly vary from device to device, and iterations of compilation, i.e. compile same project for 10 times and choose one with least artifact (though this might sounds like total non-sense but guess it’s not something new for people worked with Java before).
As for ARCore - never had the chance to make it work since 4.20, as for targeting android, I sincerely think ARFoundation or Vurforia would be the better choice (in a foreseeable future), or directly use the source build from Google.