How would you get an input, and make it affect something?

How do you control the speed of your constant loop right now? You can change it by clicking a button or something after adding some input actions in your project settings.

After that you can use virtual function SetupPlayerInputComponent to bind specific function in your code to specific button in your keyboard.

In the following tutorial you can see a step-by-step guide how to add WASD movement in a project.