How can I simplify my code when checking if a map has a key?

Is there a specific reason you are using a map over an array? With an array, you can use the (A : []t).Find[t] function which returns the index, or fails if the element t is not in the array. So you could do

var SurvivingPlayers : []player = array{}
for ( Player : GetPlayspace().GetPlayers()):
    # If a player is not in the array, the Find() function will fail, however 
    # we negate it using "not", meaning that the if will only execute if the 
    # Player is not in the SurvivingPlayers array
    if (not SurvivingPlayers.Find[Player]):
        # Damage code here