Can I put a PC game on Steam and make it playable on Android with the same account?

It is technically possible to do a lot of Steam interactions on Android, but you would need to create your own online subsystem to accomplish it, as well as hosting your own web-API to manage requests. Steam does not have a native Android interface, so your game will need to talk to a web server hosted by you, which talks to steam via steam’s web api. It will be a lot of work and you still won’t have a 1-1 feature set.