How can I narrow down the cause of this "=== Handled error: ===" in my pawn blueprint?

Well, the issue was an unowned pin on the Return Value X of a Get Velocity node. So yes, it was really arbitrary. For anyone in the same position, the trick is to keep copy-pasting blueprints to a text editor and searching for the ID. I used sublime text as it matches automatically and saves time that way.

It posted a bug report here in case anyone wants to have a closer look: