Can't launch my project build: FilenameToLongPackageName failed to convert ''. The Result would be indistinguishable from using '' as the InFilename.

Have you looked into the saved directory for logs regarding the reason for failure?

At the end of

FString FPackageName::FilenameToLongPackageName(const FString& InFilename){
if (!TryConvertFilenameToLongPackageName(InFilename, Result, &FailureReason))
	{
/* contents of function*/
UE_LOG(LogPackageName, Fatal, TEXT("%s"), *FailureReason);
	}
	return Result;
}

So the function seems to log the more precise reason for the failure to the log file.